A short-flow nickel-cobalt-manganese co-extraction process for laterite nickel ore hydrometallurgy falls within the technical field of hydrometallurgy. The process includes the following steps: co-extracting an iron-aluminum removal leaching solution of the laterite nickel ore by using an organic acid extraction system to obtain an enriched nickel-cobalt-manganese solution; extracting impurities from the enriched nickel-cobalt-manganese solution by using a P204 extraction system to obtain a high-purity nickel-cobalt-manganese solution. The co-extraction process of the disclosure simplifies the current hydrometallurgical process flow for extracting nickel-cobalt-manganese from the laterite nickel ore, greatly reduces the acid, alkali, and extractant usage, energy consumption, and water consumption in the extraction process, and reduces the cost of nickel-cobalt-manganese extraction, which is of great significance for the industrial production of ternary nickel-cobalt-manganese raw materials. At the same time, the process of the disclosure can achieve the co-extraction of nickel-cobalt-manganese, with high-purity of nickel-cobalt-manganese and low loss of nickel-cobalt, and the obtained high-purity nickel-cobalt-manganese solution is adjusted according to the proportion of nickel-cobalt-manganese metal in the ternary precursor product, and is finally used for preparing a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary cathode material.